Why We Expect More From Technology - 1577 Words

The twenty first century brought on revolutionary changes, which has affected every faucet of human life, globally. Technology has advanced communications and economy. Ideas about interacting and talking robots are no longer dreams, but are part of reality. The world has become modernized and progress continues. And now the new generation is ready to enact another historical milestone, education. Davidson in her essay, â€Å"Project Classroom Makeover†, expresses the need and benefit that can come from merging technology and education together can bring. She realizes the educational system has remained stagnant for long enough, and is in need of great changes. Sherry Turkle in her essay â€Å"Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each†¦show more content†¦Just as society is becoming more interconnected, Davidson realizes the pressing need for education to match society’s change, and the iPod was just the right tool. Duke University students broke fr ee from conventional classroom learning, and paved the way for an interactive education, more befitting of a technological generation. Davidson does not put emphasis or significance on letter grades, instead, she believes it is more crucial for students to learn how to improve intellectually, by working and collaborating with other students. By sharing ideas, and being exposed to fresh and new discussions, students can grow academically. However, Turkle claims merging education with technology has the potential to limit the student’s way of thinking. She warns â€Å"As we’ve seen, such relational artifacts do not wait for children to ‘animate’ them in the spirit of a Raggedy Ann doll or a teddy bear. They present themselves as already animated and ready for relationship† (Turkle 470). Toys such as the Tamagotchi or Furby respond to children interaction, however, Turkle criticizes such relationship, by drawing attention to the children’s incre asing acceptance of robots that can feel and be alive. A robot that has a tiny of autonomy over its actions prevents children from projecting their own ideas onto the toys. With a Raggedy Ann doll, children are able to choose the dolls actions, which requires creativity and thinking. Even though a piece of technology like the iPod is not

Acute Care Care Implementation and Evaluation. Free Essays

Acute Care: Care Implementation and Evaluation. This assignment will be based around the care that is implemented and evaluated, within a National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust (FT). The focus of the assignment will be to discuss two health problems that a selected patient has and has been admitted to the FT with. We will write a custom essay sample on Acute Care: Care Implementation and Evaluation. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The selected patient had been admitted into FT with breathing difficulties and also suffering from dehydration. The assignment will focus upon the goals that are set for the patient whilst in FT and the reasons why the goals are set. The patho-physiology of the two problems will also be discussed and also the care that had been implemented to achieve the goals. Throughout the assignment, the patient will be known as Terry with the permission from the patients parents, according to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) confidentiality guidelines. The assignment will also aim to discuss the role of the Health Care Professional (HCP) in planning appropriate care for the patient, in particular, using the assessment technique of goal setting by using Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T) target planning technique (Roper et al, 1996). The reasons for planning care can involve the HCP assisting in preventing potential health problems, for example, breathing difficulties for the patient becoming worse and to also assist in solving problems where possible. Care planning can also assist in alleviating possible health problems that cannot be solved by HCP’ s and so will need the assistance of Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) , for example, consultant, physiotherapists to further improve an develop the care plan. Terry is a 42 year old single man, who lives with his parents, and has suffered from a number of illnesses throughout his life, for example, optical glyoma, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), epilepsy, and also learning difficulties. Terry has difficulty with breathing, and this appears to have been caused by respiratory rhythmicity centre in the medulla and the pons (areas of the brain which can control breathing) and these appeared to not be working in the correct way (MacKenzie, 1996; Waugh et al 2006). Terry’s reduced neurological status was due to trauma that had been suffered in the motor pathways, and the peripheral nerves, in the brain (Iggulden, 2006). Terry was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), within the NHS FT, suffering from numerous problems that were mainly neurological. Terry’s admission to ICU was due to the increased breathing difficulties that he was experiencing. Due to the breathing difficulties, the nursing team, and Terry’s consultant, agreed that it would be best for Terry to have a percutaneous tracheostomy inserted. Due to Terry suffering from a probable cerebellar lesion, severe learning difficulties and poor communication skills; it did appear that Terry could not understand what the nursing team were informing him of, the medication that he needed and the care that was being delivered (NMC, 2008). Due to the fact that Terry appeared not to be able to understand or communicate with the nursing team, and that his parents and family members were with him, the nursing team, and myself, ensured that the parents, and family members, were informed of what was happening regarding the care that had given to Terry. The fact that Terry could not understand the instructions given to him, due to learning difficulties, consent to insert a percutaneous tracheostomy had to be given from Terry’s parents, to the Consultant (NMC, 2008). The tracheostomy that had been inserted into Terry helped the nursing team in the ICU and on the ward, to oxygenate Terry to the optimum level of 98%. The tracheostomy, also ensured that Terry was able to maintain a breathing rate of between 35 and 50 breathes per minute (Bailey, 2008). Although Terry was able to maintain a respiration rate, the normal respiration rate for an adult is normally between 14 and 18 breathes per minute (Bailey, 2008). The nursing care that had been implemented included ensuring that oxygen was flowing through the tracheostomy and this ensured that Terry had enough oxygen in his body for his heart and lungs to function, and that the heart pumped the oxygenated blood around the body (Machin et al 1996; Roper et al, 1996; Bailey et al 2008). Due to Terry’s respiration centre not working properly, and suffering from breathing problems, this meant that gaseous exchange was impaired, and led to a risk of respiratory acidosis. Gaseous exchange is where the oxygen goes into the alveoli capillaries, and the carbon dioxide is moved out of these capillaries (Bailey, 2008). The respiration centre is made up of a group of nerve cells, which are in the reticular endothelial system of the medulla oblongata. These cells send impulses to the motor neurones, via the spinal cord, and are then sent to the intercostal muscles (Bailey, 2008). The trauma that Terry had suffered with, was a possible cerebella lesion when he was a child. When Terry was admitted, his oxygen level was 82% (Bailey, 2008). The goal for this problem was to keep Terry’s respiration and oxygenation at a level that was suitable. A suitable level of respiration for an adult is between 14 and 18 breaths per minute, and an oxygen level of around 97 to 98% (Bailey, 2008). The patho-physiology of breathing difficulties includes a lack of oxygen to the tissues of the body, including the brain, and even death (MacKenzie, 1996; Waugh et al 2006). Due to Terry haiving an oxygen saturation level of 82%, we set the goal that we would aim for and set this goal with his parents. The goal that the nurses had set with Terry’s parents, due to the fact that Terry had learning difficulties and could not set the goal with the nurses. The goal was set as the nurses aimed to have his oxygen saturation level between 95% and 98% within two hours. The goal had to fit in with the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T) target planning technique (Roper et al, 1996; Faulkner, 2000). Terry’s sitting and lying position had to be carefully planned around him, this ensured that we as a nursing team where able to ensure that his lungs would expand to their optimum and to maintain a satisfactory oxygen saturation levels within his body (Roper et al 1996; Machin et al 1996; Hackman, 2008). The normal oxygen saturation level is between 95% and 98% (Woodrow, 1999). The fact that Terry had an oxygen saturation level of just 82%, the Consultant had to prescribe oxygen for Terry. The oxygen that had been prescribed for Terry, had been increased from 24% to 40% (NMC, 2002). The consultant advised us to ensure that the oxygen was to be humidified. Due to Terry having the tracheostomy, we were able to deliver the oxygen with the use of a tracheostomy mask and what is called a T-piece circuit (Machin et al 1996; Dolan, 2008; Soady, 2008). The consultant also advised the nursing team to ensure that neurological observation’s were undertaken, especially the oxygen saturation levels, every 15 minutes until Terry’s oxygen saturation levels had risen to 96% (Machin et al 1996; Dolan, 2008; Soady, 2008) The neurological observations with regards to the goal, meant that the nurses were able to deliver oxygen, which would enable the oxygen saturation level to be maintained (Machin et al 1996; Dolan, 2008; Soady, 2008). Once the nursing team had ensured that the oxygen had been delivered to Terry at 40% and was humidified, they then ensured that 15 minute observations were maintained. The Consultant had to ensure that the 40% oxygen that he had verbally prescribed, was documented and written clearly in Terry’s medical notes and on his prescription sheet (NMC, 2002; NMC, 2004). The fact that Terry had been prescribed the higher rate of oxygen, this needed to be clearly documented within Terry’s nursing notes (NMC, 2004). The documentation was needed, so that the other nurses were aware of the change. Although the observations had been maintained every 15 minutes, with regards to Terry’s oxygen saturation levels, this ensured that the nursing team maintained Terry’s neurological observation’s (Machin et al 1996; Dolan, 2008; Soady, 2008). The goal that had been set by the nursing team and Terry’s parent’s, for his oxygenation levels did fit into the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T) target planning technique. The goal was specific, measurable and realistic for Terry and the nursing team caring for him, as well as being achievable in the time frame that had been set by Terry’s Consultant (Faulkner, 2000). Due to the fact that the nursing team had achieved this goal for Terry, proved that the nursing care and interventions made by the nursing team, were effective. The nursing care and interventions were effective enough, for this goal to have been met (Roper et al 1996). The goal that had been set for Terry with regards to his oxygen saturation level, had to be documented. The goal had to be documented within the nursing notes, which the nursing team had to document clearly. The nursing team were able to hand over the information about Terry, to the nursing staff that would have been caring for him on the next shift. (NMC, 2004) The second of Terry’s problem’s is that he was at risk of dehydration, this was due to the fact that Terry could not swallow as he had a reduced neurological status. The fact that Terry could not swallow was due to the motor area of cerebral cortex of his brain, did not work in the way that it should (Waugh et al 2006). The motor area of the cerebral cortex of Terry’s brain, was damaged due to the increase in epileptic seizures. Dehydration can cause the cells to deplete, due to not having enough fluids for them to replenish. The cells replenish in the sense that the fluids help the cells to regenerate, regulate the body temperature, to dilute the waste products within the body, and to maintain the level of fluids within the tissue fluid and blood (Waugh et al 2006). The patho-physiology of dehydration includes thirst, the mouth being dry, the tongue would look leathery, and fluid from within the tissues and skin would be withdrawn (Roper et al 1996; Brown, 1997; Day, 1997). Due to Terry not being able to drink fluids, he was not able to regulate his own body temperature, nor was his body able to dilute the poisonous substances in his body (Waugh et al 2006). Due to fluid being withdrawn from the body, this would mean that the body would not be able to maintain its own volume in blood (Roper et al 1996). The patho-physiology of not having enough fluids also includes the kidneys would excrete less than they normally would; a person would be lethargic; the skin would lose its elasticity and would appear to be more wrinkled (Roper et al 1996; Brown, 1997; Day, 1997). If Terry had been suffering from dehydration, his would have looked sunken and his urine output would be reduced as well as being more concentrated. If Terry had been suffering from a severe case of dehydration, his blood volume would be reduced. If the blood volume was to cause a circulation deficiency, this would cause his kidneys to fail to excrete the waste products that they normally excrete (Roper et al 1996; Brown, 1997; Day, 1997). Due to Terry not drinking the recommended two litres of fluids per day, we had to set a goal. The goal that had to be set, had to be set with Terry’s parents (Roper et al 1996). The goal for the second problem, was to prevent dehydration during Terry’s stay in hospital, through ensuring that Intravenous Saline was delivered through venous access (Dougherty et al 2008). The Intravenous Saline had to be delivered through venous access, due to the fact that this was the most effective way in which to infuse fluids. The fluids had to be infused over a period of 24 hours, due to the volume of the fluids. The Consultant prescribed two litres of Intravenous Saline, and the nursing team ensured that it was delivered (NMC, 2002; NMC, 2004; Dougherty et al 2008). Due to the fact that the fluids needed to be infused, the nursing team ensured that the fluids were delivered through the venous access, by using an infusion pump. The pump that was used by the nursing team, was the volumetric pump. The volumetric pumps allow health care professionals to administer large amounts of infusions, and this is why were used this type of pump to deliver the fluids that Terry needed over a 24 hour period (Sarpal, 2008). Due to the fact that the nursing team were delivering Intravenous Saline to Terry, it was important that this was documented by the nursing team within his nursing notes. The fact that this was documented in Terry’s notes, ensured that the information was handed over to the nursing team on the next shift (NMC, 2004). It was important hat a fluid balance chart was also documented, as this would help the nursing team to ensure that the amount of input from fluids, was similar to Terry’s urine output. The fact that the nursing team were able to monitor Terry’s fluid input and output, ensured that his body was not retaining any of those fluids within a 24 hour period (Hunt et al 2008). The goal for dehydration by providing two litres of Intravenous Saline over a 24 hour period, did fit into the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T) target planning technique. This was due to the fact that the goal was specific, measurable and time set. The goal was achievable and realistic, but only while Terry’s venous access was as good as it was. When Terry’s venous access for the Intravenous Saline to be delivered was poor, this meant that the nursing team had to find another route to deliver these fluids. The nursing team had to re-set the goal for delivering the Intravenous Saline. (Faulkner, 2000) Due to the fact that the nursing team could not deliver the Intravenous Saline through the venous route, had to be documented. The nursing team had to document the fact that Terry had poor venous access, and that they had asked his Consultant to review Terry (NMC, 2004). When Terry’s Consultant had been to review him, the Consultant advised the nursing team to deliver the Saline through Terry’s PEG tube. Terry’s Consultant had to document the fact, that he had advised the nursing team to deliver the Saline through Terry’s PEG tube. The Consultant also had to document that his advice was due to Terry’s poor venous access in Terry’s medical notes, and he had to document this on the prescription chart (NMC, 2004). Due to Terry having a Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG), the nursing team and Terry’s parents re-set the goal to deliver the fluids that Terry needed (Faulkner, 2000). The new goal that had been set, was to deliver one litre of Intravenous Saline through Terry’s PEG tube. The litre of Saline was delivered to Terry through his PEG tube, over an 8 hour period rather than a 24 hour period. Even though the nursing team had to deliver the fluids through the PEG tube, they had to ensure that the goal did fit into the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T. ) target planning technique. This goal was specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time set for Terry and the nursing team (Faulkner, 2000). Before the nursing team could deliver the Saline through Terry’s Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy, the Saline had to be prescribed by his Consultant. The Consultant had to document the Saline on Terry’s prescription chart, and also had to document the route that the nursing team were to deliver the Saline (NMC, 2004). The Saline that had been prescribed by Terry’s Consultant, also had to document in Terry’s medical notes, that he had prescribed this and also document the route that he had advised to the nursing team (NMC, 2002; NMC, 2004). When the nursing staff had commenced the delivery of the Saline through the Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube, they themselves had to document this. The nursing team had to document the Saline running through the PEG tube, to enable the nursing notes for Terry to be up-to-date. The nursing team to document the amount of Saline that was to run through Terry’s PEG tube, and what time the Saline infusion began. The nursing team also had to document how much of the Saline was to be infused in any one hour, when the Saline was due to finish, as well as document the lot number and expiry date that were on the bag of Saline. NMC, 2002; NMC, 2004) The documentation of the infusion of the Saline running through Terry’s Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube, ensured that the nursing team could hand over the information to the nursing team that were due to care for Terry on the next shift (NMC, 2004). The goal that had been re-set by the nursing team, and Ter ry’s parents, fitted in with the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T. ) target planning technique (Faulkner, 2000). The fact that the goal had to be re-set, ensured that the nursing team had been able to deliver the Saline through the Percutaneous Endoscopic Grastrostomy (PEG) tube. The goal to deliver the Saline through the PEG tube, had been specific, measurable, realistic and time set for Terry and the nursing team. This goal had been achieved, due to the fact that the care that the nursing team had been able to deliver the Saline in the time that they had set with Terry’s parents (Faulkner, 2000). Due to the goal being achieved in the time frame that had been set by the nursing team, and Terry’s parents, meant that the nursing team had been able to deliver the care that had been needed to achieve this goal (Faulkner, 2000). I am now at the point in this assignment when I can reflect. For my reflection, I will be using the Gibb’s Reflective Cycle to reflect upon this assignment, which is documented within his book that was published in 1988 and entitled Learning by Doing: A Guide To Teaching and Learning Methods (Gibb’s, 1998). Due to the fact that Terry ad a number of health problems, I had a hard task of choosing which two that I would use. I did have to think long and hard about which two health problems that I would use, but I was given permission from his parents to enable me to write this assignment (NMC, 2008). The two health problems that I had chosen, were breathing difficulties and dehydration. Due to the breathing difficulties that Terry suffered with, meant that his oxygen saturation levels were low. Due to Terry’s breathing difficulties, this is why the nursing team, and his Consultant, had to gain consent from Terry’s parents, to insert a percutaneous tracheostomy. The fact that the tracheostomy was inserted soon after Terry’s admission, enabled the nursing staff within the ITU and the ward of the NHS FT, to ensure that Terry’s oxygen saturation levels were maintained. Therefore, this is the reason why a goal was set. Due to a goal being set for Terry’s oxygen saturation levels to be maintained, provides evidence to show that the nursing interventions were effective. The effectiveness of these nursing interventions, proves that goals that are set for an individual patient can also be met. The second goal that had been set for Terry by the nursing team, and his parents, had fitted in with the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T. ) target planning technique. Due to the fact that this goal was only partially met, did not necessarily mean that the care that had been delivered to Terry, had been ineffective. The care that had been delivered to Terry had been effective, but the goal could no longer be achieved through the venous route, due to the fact that Terry’s venous access was poor. Due to Terry’s poor venous access, this is why the nursing team had to re-set the goal with his parents. The goal that had to be re-set, fitted in with the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Set (S. M. A. R. T. ) target planning technique. The goal had been re-set, and had also been achieved in the time frame that had been set with Terry’s parents. The goal that had been re-set, had been achieved in the time frame that had been set. The goal had been achieved due to the fact that, the nursing team were able to deliver the Intravenous Saline through the Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) that Terry had in place. The fact that the nursing team could not achieve this goal when it had first been set, was not an issue that could have been anticipated. Even though nursing teams can not anticipate why the goals are not met, they can re-set the goal and in time, meet the new goal. Therefore, the nursing care and interventions that are delivered, do make nursing care effective. Documentation of all care from the nursing team was important, due to the fact that the nursing team on one shift, were able to inform the nursing team of the next shift. Documentation also ensures that if the nursing team were unsure of any test results, that they were able to look over the nursing notes to ensure they knew where we were up to with the patient. The Consultants documentation in the patients medical notes, ensured that other doctors or Consultants were also aware of the patients condition and any tests that may have been ordered. Bibliography. Bailey, M. , Crossen, S. , Holland, J. , Hollis, V. (2008) Observation’s in Dougherty, L Lister, S. (eds) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 7th ed. Chapter 25, Pages 496-544. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Brown, A. (1997) Caring for the Patient Undergoing Surgery in Walsh, M. (ed) (1997) Watson’s Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences. 5th ed. Chapter 10, Pages 232-259. Edinburgh, Bailliere Tindall. Day, S. (1997) Caring for the Patient with a Nutritional Disorder in Walsh, M. (ed) (1997) Watson’s Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences. 5th ed. Chapter 16, Pages 552-570. Edinburgh, Bailliere Tindall. Dolan, S. (2008) Respiratory Therapy in Dougherty, L Lister, S. (eds) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 7th ed. Chapter 38, Pages 749-765. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Dougherty, L. , Farley, A. , Hopwood, L. Sarpal, N. (2008) Drug Administration: General Principles in Dougherty, L Lister, S. (eds) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 7th ed. Chapter 11, Pages 202-251. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Faulkner, A. (2000) Nursing: The Reflective Approach to Adult Nursing Practice. 2nd ed. Gloucestershire: Stanley Thornes Publishers Limited. Gibb’s, G (1988) Learning by Doing: A Guide To Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Hackman, D. 2008) Positioning in Dougherty, L Lister, S. (eds) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 7th ed. Chapter 34, Pages 668-689. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Hunt, P. , Kelynack, J. Stevens, A. M. (2008) The Unconscious Patient in Dougherty, L Lister, S. (eds) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 7th ed. Chapter 44, Pages 849-853. Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Iggulden, H. (2006) Care Of The Neurological Patient. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Local NHS Trust (2004) NHS Trust – Recommended Protocol for Care of the Patient with a PEG. Liverpool: Local NHS Trust. Machin, J. , Rhys-Evans, F. (1996) Tracheostomy Care and Laryngectomy Voice Rehabilitation in Mallet, J. , Bailey, C. (eds) (1996) The Royal Marsden NHS Trust – Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Chapter 41, Pages 550-565. London: Blackwell Science Limited. MacKenzie, E. (1996) Respiratory Therapy in Mallet, J. , Bailey, C. (eds) (1996) The Royal Marsden NHS Trust – Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Chapter 35, Pages 474-480. London: Blackwell Science Limited. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Guidelines for the Administration of Medicines. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Guidelines for Records and Record Keeping. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code – Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Roper, N. , Logan, W. W. , Tierney, A. J. (1996) The Elements of Nursing. 4th ed. America: Churchill Livingstone. Sarpal, N. (2008) Drug Administration: Delivery (Infusion Devices) in Dougherty, L Lister, S. (eds) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 7th ed. Chapter 13, Pages 290-309. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Soady, C. (2008) Tracheostomy Care and Laryngectomy Care in Dougherty, L Lister, S. (eds) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 7th ed. Chapter 42, Pages 809-829. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Waugh, A. , Grant, A. (2006) Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone. Woodrow, P. (1999) Pulse Oximetry. Nursing Standard. Volume 13, Number 42. Pages 42-46. Woodrow, P. (2006) Intensive Care Nursing – A Framework for Practice. 2nd ed. Oxon: Rouledge. How to cite Acute Care: Care Implementation and Evaluation., Papers

A Comparison and Application of Imaginal Psychology and Deconstruction Theory and Praxis free essay sample

A COMPARISON AND APPLICATION OF IMAGINAL PSYCHOLOGY AND DECONSTRUCTION: THEORY AND PRAXIS by John Souchak Track D Imaginal Psychology CP 512 Kathee Miller 23 March 2010 As I read more on Imaginal Psychology and seek to relate it to my own personal growth and practical therapeutic interventions, I am drawn to my past. I have always been a word person, somewhat on the literal side, and guilty of the charge of calcifying the â€Å"meaning† of words. During college and graduate school, I explored these long-held patterns. I read post-structuralist theorists such as Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida. Their ideas caused me to question the foundations of linguistics and truth. This groundwork has helped me to understand the underpinnings of Imaginal Psychology. One way that I relate to Imaginal Psychology is through its similarities with one of these theorists: Jacques Derrida. Derrida has fascinated me for many years and his Deconstruction method has interesting parallels to Imaginal Psychology. One basic description of Deconstruction is that it attempts to demonstrate that any text is not a discrete whole but contains several irreconcilable and contradictory meanings; that any text therefore has more than one interpretation; that the text itself links these interpretations inextricably; that the incompatibility of these interpretations is irreducible; and thus that an interpretative reading cannot go beyond a certain point. (â€Å"Deconstruction†, n. d. ) Compare this to Imaginal Psychology, with its emphasis on the polymorphous/polytheistic appreciation of images The many-sidedness of human nature, the variety of viewpoints even within a single individual, requires the broadest possible spectrum of basic structures. If a psychology wants to represent faithfully the soul’s actual diversity, then it may not beg the question from a beginning by insisting, with monotheistic prejudgment, upon unity of personality. (Hillman, 1975, p. xx) While Hillman is a psychologist and Derrida a philosopher, they both are primarily concerned with the idea of language as meaning-making. Michael V. Adams claims â€Å"Derrida and Hillman would reverse the logic of oppositions and the order of priorities that have privileged the signified over the signifier, the concept over the image† (Adams, 1992, p. 248). This stance, that of signifier over signified, is a core tenet of post-structuralism, and one that both Hillman and Derrida share. Although the primary medium differs for each (images for Hillman, literary texts for Derrida), both express similar concepts—a. ) multiplicity (Hillman’s polytheistic perspective, differance for Derrida), b. the lack of a coherent structural â€Å"wholeness† to texts and psyche; and c. ) the endless ability for new images and meanings to be created. Understanding these similarities is a useful distinction, as it converges with my background in literary theory and provides me with amplification of Imaginal Psychology. In this, one common point is that there is value in de-literalizing dreams or images as â₠¬Å"things-unto-themselves. † Instead of fitting a preconceived notion, as evidence for some Truth, or showing how a dream or image shows something like â€Å"Progress,† looking at images with equal value encourages curiosity. With this frame, I understand Imaginal Psychology’s value in fostering â€Å"beginner’s mind,† especially in the realm of free association. The critique of free association as practiced is that it is not â€Å"free. † Instead, some have followed a â€Å"bread crumb† method, where each image builds upon the next, imposing some â€Å"path† wherein there is a near-deterministic quality to the exploration (â€Å"a leads to b, which leads to c, which must mean that d is next†). As part of Imaginal Psychology’s critique, this is a misguided ethic of giving primacy to the notion of individuation or Self, which intrudes upon the process of image-making. This critique does not deny the process of individuation, but objects to the positing of a Self instead of remaining in curiosity, bewilderment, and relationship to the image. When a goal or rigid hypothesis is introduced, the effects can be detrimental to an image and the flow of psychic energy. I understand the dangers of losing psychic energy by way of literalization. I have had a personal compulsion, which speaks to this point. In my past, whenever I heard an unfamiliar song that spoke to me, I would use any method to find that song and buy it. Almost without exception, this resulted in the energy dissipating from that song. The song then sat in a library of other dead songs, collected like fallen leaves waiting to be swept away. In essence, this fetish, as well as the process Robert Johnson (1986) describes as â€Å"chain associations† (p. 54), are similar facets of the same tendency, to chase a fading ghost instead of shining a light and looking for the next appearance. The danger is in literalizing curiosity. This obscures and dishonors the original image in exchange for a need to interpret. Two personal examples illustrate this. In my traineeship, I have seen both the problem and a possible solution on a small scale. I had been working for several months with a 14-year-old boy, Noah, who was having serious anger management issues. After a number of sessions, he discussed how angry he was because his father would not fix a boat, which Noah loved. We started to explore what the boat represented for him. We talked about songs, movies, and even clothing and I tried to amplify the image of the boat. I presumed that the boat must have represented a form of escape that Noah could take, and that his anger towards his father was partially due to the restriction of not being able to escape. As we continued, I operated from that stance: the boat represented escape. I did not suggest this hypothesis to Noah, but still, I held the idea that it must mean something related to Noah’s frustration, desire for freedom, and anger at his family situation. Then Noah told me curtly â€Å"the boat is like everything else; he doesn’t fix stuff. He says all this stuff that he’s gonna do, and he doesn’t do it. † It was true that Noah was frustrated, but my theory was misplaced. In essence I interfered with his process. Instead of â€Å"granting consciousness and autonomy at the imaginal level to the emotions and behaviors of the adolescent† (Frankel, 1998, p. ), my desire to concretize the boat as representing freedom removed some of my own curiosity and perhaps limited its use for Noah’s gain. But this was only a step in my process. Later, I felt more aligned and productive in my own active imagination explorations. One night I had a dream I am on a massive yacht that is owned by Sigourney Weaver. I ask someone if it can go underwater and they say yes. â€Å"50†¦100 feet? † I ask but no answer. I lay down and Sigourney lays like a cat behind me. I guess she wants me to be her â€Å"boytoy. † She sort of strokes my back, laying behind me. She tells me and everyone else that she doesn’t want to talk and is that okay†¦ (Author’s dream, December 13, 2009) I began the next day with an active imagination exercise with the Sigourney Weaver figure from the dream. I began a dialogue What are you? /What am I? /What do you have to say? /Do we have to talk? /What do I have to know? /That you are ignorant/How do I use that? /Know it/How do I know it? /Be ignorant. (Author’s personal journal, December 14, 2009) What I took from this encounter was simply that: to be ignorant, to be a beginner. I did not try to analyze what was meant, what the figures represented, or calculate at what stage of anima development I had reached. I just started to appreciate the simplicity of being ignorant, which freed me from some anxiety. It was meaning unto itself. While these examples are perhaps a subtle progression, they move me towards a path of de-emphasizing the need to interpret towards a goal. This recalls my own progression in college and graduate school, and is something that is important to me personally as well as therapeutically. Interestingly, both Derrida and Hillman emphasize this point in their writings. Although few critics yet realize it, there is a remarkable affinity between imaginal psychology and deconstructive philosophy, between Hillman and Derrida†¦Derrida and Hillman have reached similar conclusions by different and independent means†¦Hillman even says that he infers that â€Å"destructuralizing† (by which he evidently means â€Å"deconstructing†) is an activity similar in purpose to what he means by â€Å"revisioning†: an effort to counteract the pervasive tendency to interpret the image, that is, to reduce it to a concept—to what it â€Å"means† in hermenuetic terms. In semiotic or deconstructive jargon, the image is, of course, the signifier, and the concept, the signified. ) (Adams, 1992, p. 239-40) In thinking of how to counteract this tendency in myself, I am drawn to the image of the mandala. Regardless of the culture from which it originates, a mandala expresses different aspects upon new viewings. While a mandala contain s a center, it can be approached from a multitude of points and no one path is indicated. Also, following a single path in a mandala does not exhaust its potential, and it can be said that while a certain space (theme, mood, idea) is entertained by viewing it through a certain side (angle, ray), it only changes the â€Å"center† of the mandala temporarily and does not imply its totality. Derrida would say, meaning is always deferred when viewing a mandala. Or in Hillman’s language, a mandala contains multiplicity. The process for de-literalization is similar to that of viewing a mandala, pondering a koan, or adopting a meditative stance. This is reflected in Jung’s notions on active imagination In his discussion of the first step, Jung speaks of the need for systematic exercises to eliminate critical attention and produce a vacuum in consciousness. This part of the experience is familiar to many psychological approaches and forms of meditation. It involves a suspension of our rational, critical faculties in order to give free rein to fantasy. The special way of looking that brings things alive (betrachten) would be related to this phase of active imagination. In his ‘Commentary on The Secret of the Golden Flower’ (1929) Jung speaks of the first step of wu wei, that is, the Taoist idea of letting things happen. (Chodorow, 1997, p. 10) Figure 1. Tibetan Mandala Chodorow also states how Jung’s second stage of active imagination has â€Å"consciousness [taking] the lead† (p. 10). I resonate with this last point, and this is my difficulty with Hillman and Imaginal Psychology. How does one work with images without falling into an endless metonymy of images, de-literalized, equal in value, stretching out into perpetuity? When does go or a discernment faculty enter this process and how does the therapist help the client in this process? It is a challenge, for I do agree with an ethic of forestalling and delaying some rational impulse to make sense of images. To me, this is the â€Å"vacuum of consciousness† that Chodorow finds in Jung. It also echoes Derrida’s arguments on delaying gratification when asser ting meaning, â€Å"Whatever precautions you take so the photograph will look like this or that, there comes a moment when the photograph surprises you† (â€Å"Jacques Derrida Quotes†, n. d. ). Yet while this feels like an interesting way to approach images from theoretical perspective, it is hard to see how this can be applied in a therapy session. One possibility is to consider a linguistic way of working with clients. Applying Derrida, Hillman, and a depth perspective to popular representative art, William Drake (2001) discusses focusing not on the literal text, but to be drawn into the ‘gap’ opened by the transition of the ‘showing and telling,’ to self. By the gap I mean the encrypted human condition of often-missed metaphors which slips by us on the tip of the tongue; in the blink of an eye. Drake, 2001, p. xi) When I originally wrote down this quotation for this paper, and perhaps synchronistically, I wrote it as â€Å"tip of the dialogue† and not â€Å"tip of the tongue. † The value to me of my unconscious substitution of dialogue is to avoid marginalizing the actual dialogue, to not settle on meaning too early, and to look o ut for gaps in meaning, to follow the â€Å"tip of the dialogue. † In this, my slip was decidedly un-Freudian, and cannot be reduced to some one-to-one correspondence or meaning. A later example from my traineeship illustrates how I am coming to terms with the imaginal method. One client, a young man named Cody, came in because of a violent, vicious attack that he had perpetuated. On his behalf, and not with probation, he wanted to explore what this incident revealed about him. He was scared, but wanted to explore the incident in therapy. Instead of approaching the sessions as I had done in the case of Noah, this time I started to develop a more fluid, less analytical approach, in a way to resist meaning and to continue to appreciate the symbolic importance of the case. In this, I tried to work as Matthew Green suggests, not to determine the solution, but simply to hear what suffering is trying to say Green attempts to enact Hillmans methodology of seeing through the way the problem is initially posed. Following Hillman in giving attention to the pathologized, Green carefully works to listen into the boys desires and hopes, rather than imposing the desire of the state agency on them. (â€Å"On Returning to the Soul of the World†, n. d. ) Therefore, although I was tempted to interpret what the violence meant, we instead looked at images of death, killing, and revenge and explored them by themselves. At times, this has been in the form of short active imagination sessions, at other times I have simply suggested to him that he compose music with the incident in mind. I did not suggest any literalization or meaning to the violence, and Cody has been freed up and enjoys working with the images, even when they are painful reminders of his past. Working this way has presented two additional challenges to me. One challenge for me personally is to stay curious and allow myself the permission of non-directive listening. As Mary Watkins says, â€Å"would we be presumptuous enough with our friend to think he had an experience he wishes to tell us about in order to remind us of our experiences† (Watkins, 1984, p. 129). In all my sessions where I have used Imaginal techniques, the idea of being non-directive has been a challenge. It has not so much about the content, but more about the process of engaging clients Imaginally. At times, I have felt manipulative to get a client on the ground and working in a sand tray. To a couple, I have repeatedly said â€Å"you can bring a dream in if you like† when it was obvious I was craving the work. Recently, I have just decided to be more relaxed and allow psyche to take hold, and the results have been favorable. As I have dropped the need to work imaginally, more material (Cody’s for example) has entered the room. My second challenge has been with the Imaginal notion of the Self. In the spirit of Imaginal Psychology, I can agree with Soul being â€Å"like the Knight Errant whose home is the ceaselessly blowing spirit, the soul cannot settle or conform because it is driven to reform, reformulate and unsettle all forms† (Avens, 1980, p. 32). However, I see Self as something that fragments and coalesces with some intelligence and I see Self as something tantamount to a Platonic form, a reflection of the Soul. I do see a telos in the Soul’s progression when Hillman (1990) argues that â€Å"even in symptomatic behavior there are signs of the soul’s telos, the directions it wants to take† (p. 2). But in this, I tend to follow a more traditional Jungian view as I allow for the existence of an archetype of the Self. I view individuation as progress towards an unknown goal and something not as essential in every client, but to be encouraged when apparent. Without trying to side with a more traditional Jungian approach or a strictly Imaginal one, perhaps there is a mediating force that operates between the Hillman Soul and the Jung conception of the Archetype of the Self, something resembling centrifugal and centripetal forces. It does not seem a satisfying conclusion, and for now, I will play with the ideal of Soul having form and purpose, but not fixate on it. It is clear that there are deeper levels for me to understand as to the ontology of the soul, linguistic and philosophic challenges as to where the soul resides, and the division of the Jungian archetype of the Self as compared to Hillman’s notion of the Soul. But I do not want to become theoretical posturing to overshadow my work with clients. What will become essential for me is the method in which I explore images in personal work and in the therapeutic relationship. Also, I will be meditating on how images have value by themselves prior to analysis, it is useful to delay meaning and allow images to be explored from a number of tangents or rays. Approaching images from a reverence to me is much like approaching the Oracle of Delphi, asking questions with humility and an open mind. I look forward to approaching the Imaginal with this humility. Reference Adams, Michael V. (1992). Deconstructive Philosophy and Imaginal Psychology: Comparative Perpectives on Jacques Derrida and James Hillman. In R. Sugg (Ed. ) Jungian literary criticism. (pp. 231-248). Chicago, IL: Northwestern Univ Press. Avens, Robert. (1980). Imagination in Jung and Hillman. In Imagination is Reality (pp. 31-47). Dallas, TX: Spring Publications, Inc. Chodorow, J. (1997). Introduction. In Chodorow, J. (Ed. ), Jung on active imagination (pp. 1-20). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Deconstruction (n. . ) Retrieved January 3, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deconstruction Drake, William. (2001). Representation: Re-collecting Mythology in an Age of Showing and Telling. Pacifica Graduate Institute: Carpinteria, CA. Frankel, Richard. (1998). The Adolescent Psyche: Jungian and Winnicottian Perspectives. New York, N. Y. : Routledge. Hillman, James. (1975). Re-Visioning Psychology. New York, N. Y. : Harper Collins. Hillman, James. (1990). The Essential Jame s Hillman: A Blue Fire. New York, N. Y. : Routledge. Jacques Derrida Quotes (n. d. ) Retrieved March 24, 2010 from http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/j/jacques_derrida_2. html Johnson, Robert A. (1986). Inner Work: Using Dreams and Active Imagination for Personal Growth. New York, N. Y. : Harper Collins. On Returning to the Soul of the World (n. d. ) Retrieved December 31, 2009 from http://www. terrapsych. com/Watkins. pdf Watkins, M. (1984). Movements from and towards the imaginal. In Waking Dreams (pp. 126-142). Dallas, TX: Spring Publications, Inc.

The Influence of Drugs and Music Essay Example For Students

The Influence of Drugs and Music Essay The music of the sass greatly reflected the people and behaviors of the decade. It affected everything from the clothes they wore to the drugs they used. Under the influence of drugs. Everything appeared to be a double entendre with a deep hidden meaning. (Surreally 183) The drugs made the music come alive. You not only heard the music, you could see it and feel it as well. With psychedelic music of bands like the Grateful Dead it was no surprise that people were usually stoned when they listened to the music. If you werent under the influence of some kind of rug, (100) the musical experience was different. We will write a custom essay on The Influence of Drugs and Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Things stayed the same. Where if you were on drugs the music came alive, all around you was an amazing blur or music and color. (Nadine)The drugs of the sixties included the psychedelic LSI and acid as well as the relaxing marijuana. The use of the LSI resulted in good and bad side effects, such as nightmarish cycles of mania and depression or paranoia (Surreally 189)Acid was a lot like LSI. It also had good and bad Trips. Marijuana on the other hand was very different. Instead of tripping, you become extremely enthused and happy. (200) that is followed by a feeling of extreme relaxation. Surreally 183) The beatniks and the hippies understood. The blue collar political type people did not. The drugs and the music went hand in hand. If The Influence of Drugs and Music in the sasss By semitransparent understand it, categorized and labeled those that did. (500) The music of the sass not only influenced that time period but evidence of its existence is still present in music today. Although the drugs and the music have changed, one will always go with the other. As long as people are still listening to music, and looking for an escape, the two are inseparable.

The eNotes Blog Seattle City of Literature and Our Bookworm’s Guide to Enjoying theCity

Seattle City of Literature and Our Bookworm’s Guide to Enjoying theCity What Is a City of Literature? The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) announced in October that Seattle has been designated a City of Literature. After five years of attempting to secure a bid, Seattle City of Literature finally achieved its goal. Seattle now joins an exclusive group of culturally creative cities across the globe and is the second city in the United States to be classified as a City of Literature, the other one being Iowa City (home of the renowned Iowa Writers’ Workshop). What Is a City of Literature? A City of Literature is a city that has demonstrated fervent enthusiasm and passion for literature, publishing, and other forms of written expression. UNESCO designates cities in seven different fields: Crafts and Folk Arts, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts, and Music. Essentially, all creative cities seek to enhance a deeper understanding of history and culture through creative endeavors. Furthermore, they wish to implement creativity and culture into   policies and industries specific to their respective cities. What Does This Mean for Seattle? As Stesha Brandon, literature and humanities director of Seattle Public Library said, â€Å"What it does is that it allows us to connect with networks all over the world, in multiple disciplines, to find opportunities to build understanding through the literary arts and other arts. We look at it as an opportunity, especially in this very divisive time, for us to help build bridges to people through the literary arts.† Exploring Seattle as the City of Literature: If you are visiting Seattle or showing visitors around, Seattle is the perfect city for booklovers. With hot mugs of coffee or tea waiting on every corner, and the perfect reading weather at all times, Seattle was made for readers. Here at (located right here in Capitol Hill!), we’ve compiled a list of must-see places to enjoy Seattle as a bookworm. (You should also download a handy map we made of must-visit Seattle-area bookstores.) Elliott Bay Book Company Perhaps the most famous independent bookstore in Seattle, Elliott Bay Book Company is located in the eccentric neighborhood of Capitol Hill. With towering cedar shelves, numerous levels with countless titles, selections, and exciting events happening every day, Elliott Bay Book Company is a delight to visit. Stop by Little Oddfellows, the cafe located in the store, and enjoy a cappuccino or, my personal favorite, their kombucha on tap.    Open Books: A Poem Emporium Open Books is brimming with over 100,000 used, new, and out-of-print poetry books. Situated in the charming neighborhood of Wallingford, Open Books maintains a peaceful and calm ambiance as shoppers browse the titles and even read a couple of poems. Open Books hosts readings, workshops, and discussions in-store as well. Seattle Public Library: Central Location Just a few blocks away from the famous Pike Place Market, the Central Location of Seattle Public Library is a modern and towering building with the capacity to hold more than 1.45 million books and other materials. Currently, they have a million items in their collection. In addition to their impressive collection, the architecture is unique and modern. Pro Tip: Head straight to the top and you can catch amazing views of the interesting windows and sights of downtown Seattle. With countless events, talks, and discussions hosted at the location, as well as innovative technological adaptations, the Central Location embodies Seattle’s intersection of tech and literary arts. University of Washington: Suzzallo Library Reading Room A literary trip to Seattle is not complete without visiting University of Washington’s famed â€Å"Harry Potter Room.† Suzzallo Library’s Reading Room features vaulted ceilings, leaded-glass windows, and long wooden tables and shelves full of books. Step in and you feel like you’ve been instantly transported to Hogwarts- perfect for hiding in the rain and reading the day away. Ada’s Technical Books Cafe What would a Seattle exploration be without some good coffee? Ada’s is part-bookstore, part-cafe centered around computers, mathematics, and physics. It’s a nerd’s paradise with themed decorations, eclectic used and new gifts, toys, and an impressive vegetarian-food and coffee menu. Book Larder For the foodie and cookbook fanatic, Book Larder is the destination to visit. Self-proclaimed as a â€Å"community cookbook store,† Book Larder hosts many cooking classes and visits from cookbook authors. Selling an extensive collection of cookbooks including new, used, and imported from different countries, they will leave you hungry and ready to cook!

How to Format an NLM Reference List

How to Format an NLM Reference List How to Format an NLM Reference List NLM referencing is used by many medical schools and journals. Thus, if you are studying medicine, you may need to use NLM referencing in your written work. And in this post, we’ll look at the basics of how to format an NLM reference list. Read on to find out more. NLM Reference List Rules In NLM referencing, as well as citing sources in the main text, you need to list each cited source at the end of your document. This list can be titled â€Å"References,† â€Å"End References,† â€Å"Literature Cited,† or â€Å"Bibliography† (check your school’s style guide if you are not sure which to use). Beyond this, there are some rules that apply to reference lists in NLM referencing: Write author and editor names surname first. Use initials in place of first and middle names. List all named authors for each source, regardless of how many there are. Use a comma to separate author names in each entry. Capitalize only the first word of book and article titles, along with proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms in titles and subtitles. Reproduce other titles (e.g., web pages) as they were originally published. Abbreviate significant words in journal titles (and omit other terms). Use a colon followed by a space to separate titles from subtitles. For online sources, include a citation date in square brackets after the date of publication; you should also give a URL at the end of the reference after the words â€Å"Available from.† Beyond this, how you organize a reference list will depend on the citation style used in the document. In the rest of this post, then, we will look at how to format an NLM reference list when using the citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year versions of this system. NLM Refence List: Citation-Sequence In the citation-sequence system, you cite sources with superscript numbers in the main text. These numbers point to entries in the reference list, with sources listed in the order they are first cited. As such, the first source you cite becomes the first entry in your reference list, the second source you cite would become the second entry, etc. For instance: 1. Hopper D, Farrow A. Medical bibliographies. J Med Writ. 2008 June 15; 4(1): 128-130. 2. Aaronson A. A history of English alphabetization. New York, NY: Penguin; 1998. 480 p. 3. Zedwick Z. Understanding NLM [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2011 Jan 5 [cited 2018 Nov 11]. Available from: nlm.nih.gov/NLM-referencing. Here, for example, the fact that â€Å"Medical bibliographies† by Hopper and Farrow is the first source in the list would mean that it is also the first source cited in the document. We would then know that any citation with a superscript â€Å"1† in the text points to this entry in the reference list. NLM Refence List: Citation-Name The citation-name system is similar to the citation-sequence version in that you cite sources with numbers in the main text, with each number indicating a source in the reference list. However, with this version of NLM referencing, you order sources in the reference list itself alphabetically by author surname. With this version of the system, then, our NLM reference list would look like this: 1. Aaronson A. A history of English alphabetization. New York, NY: Penguin; 1998. 480 p. 2. Hopper D, Farrow A. Medical bibliographies. J Med Writ. 2008 June 15; 4(1): 128-130. 3. Zedwick Z. Understanding NLM [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2011 Jan 5 [cited 2018 Nov 11]. Available from: nlm.nih.gov/NLM-referencing. The â€Å"Aaronson† source is first here because â€Å"A† comes before â€Å"H† and â€Å"Z† in the alphabet. We would then cite each source with the number of its position in the reference list. NLM Refence List: Name-Year Things are a little different in the name-year citation system. In this version of NLM referencing, you cite sources by giving the author’s surname and a year of publication in brackets. In the references at the end of the document, meanwhile, you list all sources alphabetically by author surname: Aaronson A. 1998. A history of English alphabetization. New York, NY: Penguin. 480 p. Hopper D, Farrow A. 2008. Medical bibliographies. J Med Writ. 4(1): 128-130. Zedwick Z. 2011. Understanding NLM [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; [cited 2018 Nov 11]. Available from: nlm.nih.gov/NLM-referencing. The list here is, then, in the same order as with the citation-name system. However, there are two major differences: We do not number sources as there are no numbered citations. Because we use the year of publication for sources in citations, we give this detail immediately after the author’s name in the reference list. Otherwise, though, this version of NLM referencing is the same as the versions above when it comes to formatting a reference list.

Sustainability at Millipore Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainability at Millipore - Case Study Example Due to the reduction of the emissions of GHG, the depletion of ozone layer minimised and the desertification of the agricultural lands also reduced significantly. Therefore, this strategy might act extremely effective for the organization of Millipore thereby amplifying its environment friendly sustainable business operation. The management of the organization of Millipore also needs to reduce its dependence over the petroleum based products. This can help them to reduce the amounts of solid wastes thereby decreasing its negative impacts over the climate and the globe. Reduction of solid waste is one of the important initiatives for reducing the rate of global warming that not only can save the human beings but also the whole ecosystem as well. Apart from the above mentioned strategies, the management should focus more on reduction of carbon emission and water usage which definitely can lead to decreasing major environment issues like global warming. However, in order to make these e nvironmental sustainability initiatives successful, the organization needs to use varied types of upgraded boilers, compressors and lightings. This helped the organization of Millipore to fulfil its sustainability mission. In this age of extreme global warming, the prime concentration of the organizations is reduction of green house gas emissions (GHG). Similarly, the director of Millipore, Mr. David Newman also decided to implement varied types of solar panels and solectria inverters in order to reduce over-dependence over non-renewable products. Along with this, he also instructed the use of upgraded boilers and machines in order to reduce the emissions of waste materials in the environment. Moreover, reverse osmosis procedure is also used in the manufacturing plants also proved effective for the organization in reducing its emissions. All these strategies are

Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Express - Case Study Example The complaint letter by an office manager portrays FedEx as a company with no value for its customer’s fulfillment. This is seen in the way they do not bother replying the stressed out customer. Anita has shown the strength of FedEx by stating the delivery of her cargo at last although it was too late. FedEx has shown strength by being ready to cut off shipping fees. They deliver goodies and chocolate as a make up gift to an unsatisfied customer. Background FedEx is a Memphis based Leading Corporation that handles the shipping of cargo by air to several destinations in the world. FedEx’s viewpoint is to place people first, provide them with the best service and take profits later (McDougall & Dorken, 147). FedEx is the first company to offer a money back policy to customers with complaints, and it is the only corporation that uses technology to trail its vans and cargoes. This study surveys the dealings of FedEx in relation to client fulfillment. Problem Statement Altho ugh FedEx is a leading cargo transporter, it does not fully provide client satisfaction as seen in exhibit 1. Anita Kilgour an office manager at desktop innovations has three complaints about the services offered to her company by FedEx express (McDougall & Dorken, 144). ... ards for being; â€Å"the leader in the use of technology, rigorous international standards for quality management and assurance, and the Malcolm Balridge National Quality Award† (McDougall & Dorken, 148). Situation Analysis A SWOT analysis on FedEx can be used to analyze the situation that occurred between desktop innovations and Federal Express. The strength of the company is stated in the manner in which FedEx recovered and delivered desktop innovation’s cargo. Weakness in the company is brought about by the problem of massive daily consignment leading to temporary losses. The company ships 2.9 million packages nightly, and serves 212 countries (McDougall & Dorken, 148). Opportunity for FedEx Company can be utilized through, using Anita’s complaint as an opportunity to upgrade its services. FedEx can add more staff, upgrade its tracking machines and offer satisfying compensations to unsatisfied clients. Threat for the company comes in the loss of reputation fo r the leading company. This negative advertisement can lead to FedEx facing stiff competition from rival companies. Alternatives FedEx as a leading company has to find alternatives to curb the customer dissatisfaction like the complaint lodged by Anita of desktop innovations. The first substitute that FedEx could use is to ship fewer cargoes instead of the 2.9 million cargoes shipped daily. This will lead to easier tracking of every cargo they ship, thus avoidance of loss or delays of cargoes. The subsequent alternative that could be useful to FedEx is on the phone department. Instead of FedEx putting up the 250 customer representatives in Canada only, the corporation could split them to other countries. After the split, the corporation could additionally divide them into complaints department and

Revolution in France from 1789 to 1792 Essay Example for Free

Revolution in France from 1789 to 1792 Essay In 1789, France was under a revolution. It was ruled by absolute monarchy for centuries. Unfairness between Estates started to frustrate the people at the bottom of France. The French government was 4000 million livers in debt (Christopher Hibbert 1980 p.14). Besides the partial blames that Louis XVI deserved, the situation was quite out of his control. There were many other reasons that lead to this revolution and every single problem was connected with each other. The most important short term factors were the bankrupting of government and the Famine. As for the most important long term factors were the heavy taxes and the enlightenments. Though Louis XVI was partially responsible for the French Revolution, it wasnt his entire fault, he just happened to be the scapegoat of some wrong deeds done by others. Louis XVI was famous for being weak and indecisive (Peter Mantin 1992 p. 5) and that was the main problem of his running of the country. He was popular and beloved at first by all people of France because of his kind-hearted and compassionate personality, but hated later as his weakness and conservatism in politics and economics slowly appeared (Christopher Hibbert 1980 p. 3). He was too weak that even the 1st and 2nd Estates tried to control over him and he wasnt able to do strong decisive actions (Christopher Hibbert 1980 p. 3). He even preferred personal hobbies to politics interests (Peter Mantin 1992 p. 4). The Aristocrats and the Church refused to help him out with money respectively in 1787 and 1788 when the country was in a financial crisis (Mr A J Field 2007 Schoolhistory.co.uk). At last, Louis XVI lost all control over his troop and the people of France and was in a passive position afterwards. All these nonalignment between estates and failures were indeed because of him, however, it wasnt his entire fault. After all, the 1st and 2nd Estate was the people who refused to help and there were other more important issues that contributed to the French Revolution. Firstly, the reason why the government was bankrupt in 1788 that caused even heavier taxes on 3rd Estate was because of the humongous lavish expenditures of Marie Antoinette and the league war with the British of Louis XV (Tiffany 2007 Franceattraction.com). Marie Antoinette spent a fortune on her favourite residence, The Petit Trianon; on her stable of three hundred horses; on her sessions at the gaming tables; and also on her clothes, which  cost 100, 000 livers a year. Besides, she loved expensive jewelries; her earrings from Charles Boehmer, the crown jeweler, cost 400, 000 livres and her diamond braclets cost 100, 000 livres (Tiffany 2007 Franceattraction.com). How about those parties that she had all day? One would have cost 200, 000 livres, no wonder the government bankrupted and was 4000 millions livres in debt. At that time, 50, 000 livres per year was already a lavish income and great titled heads lived for a whole year off 50, 000 livres utmost (Tiffany 2007 Franceattrac tion.com). Moreover, his father and grandfather spend loads of money on participating in the wars of Americans and British (helping Americans) and lost the war against another country (Ross Steele 2002 p. 102). Secondly, every kind of heavy tax fell on the poor peasants while the aristocrats and the church got every kind of privileges that they didnt have (Waugh S. 2002 p. 84). It was this frustrating unfairness oppressing the people at the bottom of France for centuries that propelled them. The government didnt fix the economic issues by earning more external tariffs and being less lavish, instead, they oppressed the Third Estate to pay more taxes. There were all kinds of unnecessary and ridiculous taxes. Overall, the Third Estate was forced to pay tithe (a tenth of their income or produce to church), pay a taille (a tenth to state), pay a vingtieme (a fifth of property), pay a gabelle (tax on salt), pay a seigneurial tax (feudal dues), corvee (work tax), aide (tax on wine) and pay a capitation (tax on the number of family members)etc. (Greg Hetherton 1992 p. 18) Besides, the government even permitted the private tax collectors to raise tax whatever they wanted, thus, causing the poor peasants to afford those taxes that were even larger than their own wages and far more than the government requested (Peter Mantin 1992 p. 45). Thirdly, because of heavy rains and bad weathers, there were a series of poor harvest causing famine in France 1780s (Invicta M. 2001 Theotherside.co.uk). Many people lived off the bread line and when there were any matters concerning crops, harvest and food distribution, everything could be tipped into huge disastrous mess since people just wanted to survive. However, the poor harvest led to soaring of food prices (especially bread) and only a  workers daily bread would have taken about 97% of his income. The famine infuriated the hungry and desperate 3rd Estate and provoked food riots (Invicta M. 2001 Theotherside.co.uk). At this point, the place was in a total chaos. Last but not least, enlightenment played an important role in French Revolution. Without it, the French Revolution would be without a spirit to go on. This encouraged the people being oppressed by the 1st and the 2nd Estate to test the thing and to think themselves, instead of relying on false knowledge people gave. The five main ideas the philosophers came up with were religious freedom, freedom from absolute rulers, brotherhood of all people, welfare for everyone and personal happiness as far as possible. These long term and short term factors, flamed by enlightenment, started up the French Revolution. I concluded that the French Revolution wasnt Louis XVI entire fault. He was only being at the wrong time in the wrong place. He was of course being weak and indecisive; however, there were more important factors responsible to the revolution. The financial crisis of the government, heavy taxation on the 3rd Estate, poor harvest and enlightenment contributed to the French Revolution the most. Therefore, to a moderate extent is Louis XVI responsible for the French Revolution. Bibliography :-Greg Hetherton (1992). Revolutionary France: Liberty, tyranny and terror. Camridge: Cambridge University Press. -Peter Mantin (1992). The French Revolution. Heinemann: Oxford. -Christopher Hibbert (1980). The Days of the French Revolution. USA: Penguin Group. -Ross Steele (2002). When in France, do as the French do. Canada: McGraw-Hill Professional. -Waugh S. (2002). Heinemann History Scheme, The early modern work, Book 2. Heinemann: Oxford. -Mr A J Field (2007). French Revolution-Year 8-Schoolhistory.co.uk. Retrieved 3 Oct 2007 from http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year8links/frenchrevolution.shtml. -Tiffany (2007). Marie Antoinette Versailles. Retrieved 4 Oct 2007 from http://www.franceattraction.com/marie-antoinette.html. -Invicta M. (2001). French Revolution. Retrieved 4 Oct 2007 from http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/revolution.htm.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Students, faculty, family, friends, on this exciting day, I speak to optimism, laughter, and grins. As I was gathering input for this graduation speech, several people suggested including a profound quote offering â€Å"encouraging advice to the young graduates†, and then there were others who said, â€Å"eh don’t worry about it, no one listens to those anyway.† Fortunately, I was actually able to take from both suggestions and found a happy balance. You see, I won’t tell you today to: â€Å"Dare to dream† or â€Å"Find your own vision† or even to â€Å"Strive for excellence,† or any trite clichà © that’s ever been said in a graduation speech. So this might not be your typical commencement. I have no list of â€Å"Do’s and Don’ts† for you. I don’t have any funny stories about politicians or teachers. I don’t have any jokes, nor do I have any interesting quotes from real famous people. And so you may be wondering. Why? Because there are only a few times in life where you can really have time to sit, relax, and at least pretend to be interested in another kid’s advice on what works for them. This is one of those times where I get to fill you in on what has kept me going, trusting that you can relate. First, in attempt to take the advice to include a symbolic quote, it became quite clear that no matter what, life is an endless stream of contradictions and inconsistencies. You see, they tell us that â€Å"haste makes waste,† but then, â€Å"the early bird gets the worm.† And â€Å"don’t put off until tomorrow what you can get done today,† but we’re supposed to â€Å"stop and smell the roses†? When do we have time to smell the roses when we’re busy doing everything today? And how do you â€Å"shoot for the moon† when you are being told to â€Å"wish upon a star†? I mean come on.... ... and be proud of all you have accomplished here at McNeil. Sure it’s long, sure we have tons of kids in our class, but stare at everyone’s shoes or something. Laugh it up at the kid who is wearing flip flops. Chuckle at the girl who is only 4’11† and takes 5 strides for each of your 2. Er, wait, that’s me. Enjoy this moment. Don’t rush through these motions. This is a significant event. It does deserve grins, laughter, and an optimistic attitude. Life will run you by if you don’t take time to enjoy all the small things. And remember, it’s those little things that make life funny. People should laugh at most of the things in life, cry at a few, and be neutral at hardly anything. Guys, I thank you. It has been an honor to serve as your class president. Good luck. Now, I am going to make like America Online Instant Messenger and sign off with an L-O-L. Good bye.

Relationships Between Humans & Plants& Animals Essay

Humans, animals and plants have a great relationship with each other, they need each other, and they make each other’s lives better. Without plants and animals, human won’t be able to survive or can not live till now because humans need plants and animals to feed themselves. On the other hand, plants aren’t able to grow, too because they need to be taken care by humans. Therefore, human should protect both animals and plants. But human couldn’t take good care of animals, most of the animals in the forests are extinct because of human acts, they kill those animals carelessly for their own needs. Although, humans also do animal science to help them from terrible sickness and their strange behavior. In our time, we are smart compared to ancient people. At first, humans don’t know how to fly. But then humans get smarter and smarter and they started to associate themselves with new knowledge, educate animal and analyze chemicals and animal’s tissue. Then they learned how to make airplanes by using birds’ shape. In other words, humans also need animals to study about them and use them to improve their technology. Humans also use animals for their agricultural setting, animals’ wastes are also important for plants; they use those wastes as natural fertilizer in agriculture, more than that, animals help us to protect our home, we also use animals for other things like using their skin as clothes or purses, eating them, killing them for their paws, claws, tails, cutting off their head and use them as home decorations, illegal hunting and more surprisingly some humans just kill animals for fun. Because of our careless acts, more and more animal species are e xtinct. Hundreds of thousand years ago, ancient people didn’t know how to make medicine, so many of them died because of diseases. But later on, humans started to learn that they can use plants as medicine, they use their roots, leaves, branches and more. Humans first learnt how to float on water by using boats that are made from woods. Almost every part of a plant is important to both humans and animals. We also eat plants which have been categorized in to crops, fruits, seeds, and vegetables, and we use plants to feed our livestock, too. For example, cows eat grass, chickens eat grain†¦etc. Humans also cut down trees and use those fine woods to make wooden furniture and houses. Plants also help to take in carbon dioxide which we might get carbon dioxide poisoning or carbon dioxide intoxication by breathing it too much, and more importantly they produce oxygen which both animals and humans use for breathing. At the very beginning of Earth, Earth’s atmosphere contained only carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other gases. But it almost contained no oxygen. Some time later, plants started to grow on Earth and they produce oxygen until then there were lives on Earth. Plants attract rain and help us to protect our planet from the sun. So, plants play a very important role in our and animals’ lives. As we all have known how plants, animals and humans are important to each other. In my opinion, we should all care more about those plants and animals, we should all take the responsibilities to protect those animals from extinction and plant more trees to protect our world and for our benefits,

Caledonia Leas or Buy Essay

Describe factors Caledonia must consider if they were doing a lease versus buy Sense Caledonia is thinking of introducing a new product, the company must decide whether to lease or buy. Caledonia is in the 34 percent marginal tax bracket with a 15 percent required rate of return on cost of capital, the new project being a fad will only be a for five years. When deciding to lease, Caledonia must consider how reducing out of pocket cost could benefit the company. Though leasing would mean they do not fully own the product. When leasing, Caledonia must consider the rates that will be used in the cost of leasing. The company’s credit rating will determine if they will receive a good rate on their lease. Another factor is will the company have enough income to pay the lease as necessary. Many investors consider having current paycheck stubs providing proof that the expenses will be covered. In most cases the lease is not up until the product expenses are paid in full. Until expenses are paid in full the leasing company owns the product. Another factor they must consider is the income budget that determines how much product the company will be able to receive. The company should make sure the products have values and is able to provide sufficient income. The company should always consider having a back-up plan in case a payment is missed. When buying a product, the company has the option to own it. The advantage of buying a product is that they are brand new in most cases, and have the best value offered. In many cases, the best prices offered too. For example, after purchasing a product in a store, the cashier gives the customer a receipt. After a receipt is given the product is now owned.

why im attending college essays

why im attending college essays Why Im Attending College Im attending Stockton for a few reasons but Im ultimately going to college for my future. I want to be successful and rich so I can have all the good things in life. I figure since my rock star career went south, Ill have to hit the books. Im here at Stockton to attain a degree in business and learn the things I need to become a strong businessman. I enjoy business and want to continue with it for my career. Id love to be the CEO of some huge corporation some day. I also want the full college experience partying, girls, partying... College gives me something to keep me going. Without it I feel like my job at the car wash is taking me nowhere. I want to be able to have a family without financial stress and worries. I used to think I was going to be a professional basketball player but Im to short so that didnt really work out the way I planned it. Then I thought Id be a professional golfer be Im bored of the sport so I dont want to play anymore. So finally I decided Id have to study my way out of a middle class family. I began my college education at a school out in Idaho that I didnt want to be at in the first place. My parents thought that it would be good for me because it was a church school and it would keep me out of trouble. Well I thought differently. I didnt want to be at that school from the beginning, but finally I gave in and agreed to go. I think the only reason I agreed to go was out of respect for my parents and because a friend from home was going to room with me. So I guess originally I was going to college for my parents and my friends. Those are the wrong reasons to be going across country to a school. I didnt want to be going that far in the first place. Our trip took a total of four days on the road. I believe that was the...

Concept Paper

Concept Paper Concept Paper Concept Paper: Protect Your Project! What is a concept paper? What purposes does writing of this kind of paper have? Looking for answers for these questions? This article will help you make this issue clear for you! A concept paper as a kind of the academic writing A concept paper acts as a proposal for a project. Sometimes the notions concept paper and proposal are even used as synonyms. So, why should you write a concept paper? This kind of paper is called to present a preliminary summary of your project. The success of your project will depend on the success of your concept paper. Other words, you should convince the committee that your project is worth doing, it will have the theoretical value and the practical application. So, what kind of information should a concept paper contain? When writing a concept paper you should state the following:The purpose of your investigation. Why did you decide to investigate this issue? What will be the use of the results of this invest igation? The subject of your research. What questions will you consider? The methodology. In what way will you conduct your research? The literature review. What works will your project be based on? Concept paper writing tipsThink over the title of your concept paper. It should be a good illustration of the main idea of your project. The title should be made clearly and correctly. Do not forget that it will be the first thing that your audience will read. If you are going to persuade this audience that your project will be VERY GOOD, nothing may cause any doubt about that! You should state what period of time it will take you to complete your project pointing out the main stages of the writing process. One should mention that this is the characteristic of concept papers. Your audience should know not only what you are going to write about but also how long you will do. When writing your concept paper use different examples, statistical data or results of some obs ervations. That will help you complete 2 tasks. Firstly, the usage of such elements will help catch the interest of your readers. Secondly, your concept paper will sound more convincing when containing such information. Keep in mind this information when writing your concept paper. Remember: the more clearly and convincing you will write it, the more chances you will have in getting high points for your project.

The nature and importance risk management to businesses Assignment

The nature and importance risk management to businesses - Assignment Example A large firm’s cost of capital must rely only on its framework, not the entire risk of the organisation because investors can omit the manifold risks of single firms by grasping a well-variegated portfolio (McShane et al., 2011, p. 644). 3.0 Risk Management 3.1 Nature Business risk management is a process that can aid the firm determine risk situations and regulate the relevant risks. Nations such as South Africa, United Kingdom, and Australia have been adapting the framework of business risk management. It should be fathomed that risks potentially existed in any type of business organisation because one firm cannot withstand the industrial setting without encountering diversified forms of risks. There is, therefore, a spice to light up the world of business for organisational leaders to remain active. The risks are accompanied with hazards, which can cause harm and can be fatal to any perspectives. Where there are risks and hazards, there should be a proper regulation of busi ness risk management in order to annihilate the cause of its emergence. However, in today’s business environment, it is difficult to determine risk management of organisations because they are not postulated to disclose their business risk management framework (Gates et al., 2012, pp. 28-36). 3.2 Significance What signifies business risk management is that it can be utilised by business organisations to annihilate the emergence of hazards, and eventually omit the danger of its accompanied risks. Additionally, organisations with business risk management schemes can improve its organisational performance initially through enabling corporate executives to regulate the firm better. With the presence of business risk...To investigate the after-event of implementing the action plan requires thorough analysis. Such strategy is done to develop the action plan for its re-modification. Written documents should focus on the stakeholders; alongside optimum practices, such as scheduling c onventional meetings of every department. The external environment should be considered in the formulation of strategies; having a well-defined policies and safety programs should also be emphasised (Strong and Shane, 2011). 5.0 Conclusion Small and medium enterprises, as well as large organisations, need to manage risks in order to project the success of its activities and verify the solidity of its sustainable development. However, with the given facts and procedures in managing business risks, small organisations are smoothly impacted by the types of risks the relative industry has given. The optimum exposition that would best benefit large organisations in utilising business risks management is because they have more human resources and large operations compared to small firms. Most significantly, the economic changes in today’s environment create a big impact to a certain large company who does not practice business risk management. Not just hazards doom to backfire risks against firms, it also leads to bring a fast-developed cause to bring business to the catacomb of bankruptcy, insolvency and death.

Sports Counsil Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sports Counsil - Assignment Example Furthermore, it argued that it had revoked its offer after the swim had started on 7th July 2011 and sent boats after the swimmers to make it clear to the swimmers that there will not be any prize. They argued that they had used loudspeakers. But, Jennifer said she never heard any announcement particularly due to the bathing cap covering her ears and she was focused on her swimming only. Issue The problem is that Jennifer had accepted the offer made by Sports Council and joined the swimmers in the race. She reached the shore first and was entitled to a prize. However, Sports Council has refused to pay her the promised prize. Questions Related to the Case The following questions arise here that requires critical analysis and legal backup to reach to the advice for Jennifer: Q1. What laws are applicable to Jennifer vs. Sports Council case? Q2. Was the offer made by Sports Council an offer or an invitation to treat? Q3. Was Jennifer’s acceptance of the offer properly communicated to Sports Council? Q4. Is intention to create legal relations integral to creating a valid enforceable contract? Q5. Was there any contract between Jennifer and Sports Council? Q6. Was it a unilateral or bilateral contract? Q7. Was there any consideration? Q8. Was the revocation of the offer valid? Q9. Is Sports Council liable to pay the prize to Jennifer and any other damages in the instance of refusal to pay the prize? Q10. Does UK law provides any remedies to Jennifer in terms of a legal action against Sports Council? Flow of Discussion in the Paper This paper will address the above mentioned questions through the critical analysis of the four alternative grounds relied upon to refuse payment of prize money to Jennifer. The analysis will aim to evaluate each of the alternative ground in the light of United Kingdom’s Contract Law to reach to the conclusion whether these grounds are valid and have any force of law. The conclusion will help in determining the legal position of Jennifer and lay down the future course of action to claim the prize money. Analysis of the Alternative Grounds Relied upon by Sports Council a) The newspaper advertisement was not an offer but a mere puff and there was no intention to create legal relations. Paul Richard has defined offer as â€Å"an expression of a willingness to contract on certain terms made with the intention that a binding agreement will exist once the offer is accepted†1. The first step to formation of a contract is an offer. The offer is made between an offeror and offeree. The offeror shows or expresses a willingness to enter into a contract on certain and definite terms which will come into force and become binding as soon as they have been accepted by the offeree who has been addressed. However, the term â€Å"expression† refer to numerous forms of communicating to the offeree like newspaper, letter or email. It also includes a conduct of an offeror to an offeree that communicates to the latter due to which the offeree is willing to contract with the offeror. The expression can only be objective and not a subjective one. The courts conduct a test to determine whether there was an offer which was accepted to determine whether an agreement existed between both parties. In the leading British case Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597, the court held that: "If, whatever a man's real intention may be, he so conducts himself that a reasonable

Netflix case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Netflix case study - Essay Example Netflix is facing stiff competition from other players such as You Tube, Video on Demand and iTunes that offer cheaper and reliable movie products (Thompson 138). A key success factor in the future movie industry is the ability to control and dominate the various movie distribution channels such as the Apple iPhone distribution channels, internet distribution channels and rental channels. The ease of access, pricing and size of content library are key success factors in the new movie rental industry since customers require convenience and wide-variety of entertainment content. Netflix should invest in proprietary software that will allow the customer easy-of-use and recommend movies depending on prior customer streaming or search terms on the movie library (Thompson 142). The success of Netflix will require the company to manage its costs in order to reduce the rental business costs and continue focusing on technology to deliver the movies to the customers. According to 2012 survey, many consumers asserted that unlimited internet streaming offered better customer value than pay-per view option. Long-term partnerships with electronic manufacturers will improve the market reach and enable Netflix acquire new customers in its streaming option business (Thompson 144). Netflix is facing the threat of pirated streaming library and stiff competition from more innovative movie rental providers such as Apple’s iTunes, Blockbuster, Amazon Instant video and You Tube. (Thompson 142).

Site visit report

Site visit report [1]Site Visit Report During the site visit, I have been introduced to a numbers of scaffolds that include suspended, aluminum, mobile and etc. that are currently commonly found on construction site or factory. As stipulated under the Factories (Scaffolds) Regulations, a scaffold is any temporary structure on and from which a person performs work in any factory, construction site or shipyard or; which enables a person to obtain access to work at that location or which enables materials to be taken to any place at which such work is performed. I have observed quite a few areas of the erected scaffolds that will lead to potential hazards to the workers getting injured by working on it and in worst case might lead to scaffold collapsing. Hazard (1) Scaffold leg was sitting on red brick, uneven ground, soft soil and different height and sizes of plank was use as base support. First of all, red brick is not strong enough to take the load of the scaffold. When worker start working on the scaffold, the increase load will just cause the red brick to give way cause the scaffold to collapse. 2nd, the uneven ground and the non-uniform block which the scaffold is erected on will definitely cause the weight distribution to be concentrate more on a side than the other. In the case where the scaffold is raise higher, the whole structure might start to sway and might just topple off the ground. Control measure Sole plate of the same height and good strength is being used. It provides better base foundation for soil and ground condition that is not that good. For event when the ground selected for erecting a scaffold has to be done on a uneven ground, Adjustable base plate are being use to cater for the height different, this will ensure that the weight of the scaffold are being evenly distributed among the legs. Base plate should be made of metal so as to carry the strength to hold the standards in it. Things to note that is that the base plate should not be placed protruding out of the sole plate cause the load will not be evenly spread on the sole board. Approved scaffold contractor should be around when the scaffold are being erected as under the FACTORIES (SCAFFOLDS) REGULATION, it is the duty of them to ensure the[2]requirement are being carried out. We can also increase scaffold stability by tying it to a supported structure. Hazard (2) The working platforms are also a problem cause some of it are seen with just a single timber plank or metal decking, Firstly timber planks were observed to have crack around it, a sign it might give way when excessive load is exerted on it. Metal decking also show sign of corrosion. Due to the lack of decking or planks, the working platform become having limited space to work or walk, which might led to worker falling down. Even for platform that are closely deck or plank, materials, debris and tools were notice to been place on it as a convenient way for the workers to work and storage their thing they might need for few task to prevent walking up and down the scaffold. Sometime more than the allowable workers were working on the same bay. All this is just creating more chances for worker to trip and fall, due to the item lying on the platform and also worker have lesser space to work around. It also cause the load and weight exerted on the platform to increase which mos t properly will exceed the amount of load that the platforms are able to hold. Decking or planks are also observed to just being laid over without being secure so it has the tendency to topple. The plank and metal decking consist of different thickness and length which create mismatch along the side of the decking or plank, which will cause the worker to trip. Control measure Metal decking and timber planks are used according to the same thickness and length to ensure the platform being laid will be flushed. In the event where it need to be overlay to the other, the overlapping area should be beveled or chamfer so that it wont be at right angle to avoid tripping by the workers. Metal decking with locking device and anti-skid surface are used to firmly secure the platform to the scaffold to prevent any tipping or uplift during usage, it also lower the chances of workers skidding happened at the platform. The Housekeeping shall be carried out regularly to clear off any debris (i.e. building material, concrete etc) waste, left on the platform to ensure safer walking or working. This process is a must based on factories regulation 13 so as to reduce the hazard of working in it and additional unwanted loads is being [3]reduced. Inspection have to be carried out on the platform periodically, so that plank that [4]have start to warp or crack and metal decking that have start to corrode or stiffener that are wearing out will be removed and replaced with a new one. In the event of repairing the damage scaffold, no one shall be allowed to on it except for the approving contractor who is carrying out the task. The numbers of worker working at any one time are restricted so as to prevent exceeding the working load limit. Not more than 3 workers with tools and materials should be allowed on the platform at any one time, also the platform should be at least be 500mm width so as to create the footing space under mom regulation. Hazard (3) No ladder or stair was installed in the scaffold, which indicated no proper mean of access to the higher level or travel to another scaffold. Workers will just climb the frame of the scaffold as the mean to get to the upper level or another scaffold. This will induce a potential case of workers falling off from it as there are no protections or anything to secure them. Control measure Ladder and stair are installed for scaffold erected above 2 meters. It is also built in a way that it does not run from the bottom to the top in great height as worker will mostly falls with fatal injury, instead it is level by level. It is also built within the scaffold. When stair and ladder are available, it provide a safe and easy mean of traveling up and down, thus reduce the intention of workers climbing as a mean of traveling between the scaffold. It should be installed on a firm base that is level ground Under Regulation (17), MOM makes it a must to have ladder or stair installed for scaffold but it should never be use on a bay to gain extra height. If the access bay is part of the working platform, a trap door is to be provided. Strict controls are to be implemented to ensure the trap door remains closed while working from the platform according COP 2009 AU. Hazard (4) Scaffold platform was not built with toe-guard and guard rail and the side are being exposed to open area. Worker working on the platform have a increased chance of falling off the platform. Tools, material and debris that are placed on the platform are likely to fell down the platform due to worker will just kick over it. Workers working or walking around the bottom of the scaffold area might get injured. [5]Control measure Toe guard are built at the sides of the platform to prevent item on the platform to fall down to the[6] ground. It should be built right from the bottom and no opening so as prevent even small object to fell through it. The height should not be too low as thing will still topple off it. The standard requirement is toe guard should not be less than 90mm in height. Guardrails are installed to prevent worker from falling off from the platform when stretching out to work. Guard rail height should not be less than a meter from the platform cause installing too low would not serve the purpose of minimizing worker from falling and Minimum of 2 guardrails is to be installed on any platform with opening above 2meter according to regulation 18. Hazard (5) Some scaffold come with tag to declare it serviceability to use but some did not have tag available attached to it. So one could not tell whether it is safe for using or not. Some tags only indicate with a tick or a cross. Even if we want to check when the scaffold will be repaired or whether the serviceable tag is still valid, there is no information on the company or the approved scaffold contractor/supervisor to follow up with. Some part of the scaffold was found to be tampered. Control Measure Ensuring that every scaffold must have a tag marked clearly attached at the designated entry point so every workers using can see it clearly before using. There should be detail like the company name and the supervisor who carried out the inspection to promote ownership in the site. Contact number should also be included to cater for any issue regarding the scaffold. It also good to include the date the last inspection was done and the next inspection due date. In case that the supervisor forgot to come and inspect, worker can base on the information at the tag to determine whether the scaffold can still be use for working. Usually at site consist of workers from different country, so if able to display in a language or signboard that are easily understood would be helpful to them and thus reduced unwanted assumption. There should also be at least one designated access onto the scaffold. Lastly to add on, the ensuring of approve scaffold supervisor after every inspec tion immediately place a notice on the scaffold to certified whether it safe to be use should be enforced. Regular inspection can also identify unauthorise tampering of the component of the scaffold. [7]Hazards (6) Scaffold erectors were working without any protective gear or safety harness. Some of them wore unsuitable PPE (incorrect size of gloves, boot, helmet etc.).This will affect their griping strength their ankle protection. In this situation, they become more prone to get into accident or suffer more serious injuries when thing were to strike them. Control measure Safety boot should be provided to prevent tools or material dropping on the workers leg and also it also can act as a protection for it ankle and anti slip surface against slippery area. Helmet should be worn to prevent object falling from the above to hit the head directly. Glove can protect from burns and chemicals. When working on scaffold from 2 meter height and above, erectors should always equip themselves with safety harness with shock absorber. With the hook, the erector will able to secure them to the structure of the scaffold to prevent them from falling down. In the case where the worker fall down the platform, he would be held by the harness which will prevent him from hitting the ground and the shock absorber will minimize the chances of them injuring their spine due to the impact of the fall. Correct sizing and the appropriate type of PPE related to their work area must be issue to the workers. Hazards (7) Overlay and screening net was not secure tightly and the anchored point are tied to the scaffold. In the event of strong wind and rain, it would not serve as a protection for the workers in the building. There are also chances that it will be blown away. If it dislodged and fly out of the site, it may cause injury to the passer-by. The dragging effect of unsecured netting will cause the scaffold to experience more stress and load to it. Scaffolds might collapse as a result. Some areas of the netting are torn with holes. Debris will be able to through the net and hit the people below and more dust will be exposed out to the environment. Counter measures The net or overlay shall be tied the building structure, the top of the building structure is preferred as a anchored point. As the structure of scaffold are not designed strong enough to hold this extra load. Building structure provides better strength to counter to the wind and rain and also able to withstand load on them. Secured netting also serves to enclose the scaffold when it properly tied. Damage screening net should be [8]repaired whenever reported by workers. Netting shall be installed as close to the scaffolds as possible for the maximum effect. It should only be installed and maintains by a qualified persons. If the area always experience strong wind, more tied point shall be imposed to strengthen and secure it. It a must to fit netting or overlay for any external scaffold under MOM regulation. Hazards (8) Scaffold consist of various components which are not from the same manufacturer. Although it might look compatible to use, but often the material strength, sizes will differ. Due to different manufacturer have their own design, having different manufacturer components will usually lead installation difficulties. Forcing to install it will lead to increase wear of the component, loading capacity might be reduced. For e.g. mixing of aluminum and steel component, by using a couple which is made of steel will tend to crush the aluminum component as their strength is different. It will cause the structure to be weakened. Counter measured Always try to buy the whole set of component from the same manufacturer as their own design will often created for easy installation and able to provide the adequate strength as promised. In the event of the need to use different manufacturer component, A Professional Engineer should certified that the sizes, fixing device are compatible and most important it does not lessen the strength, stability, rigidity or suitability of the scaffold under COP 2009.au From here I end my report, the below website or file is where I took reference from www.mom.gov.sg , www.gov.pe.ca/law/regulations/pdf/O01-01-2.pdf, app.wshc.gov.sg/cms/Portals/0/Technical Advisory for Scaffolds.pdf, COP 2009 AU.